Part 1 Fluid, Electrolyte, and pH Balance Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions: The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracel

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Part 1

Fluid, Electrolyte, and pH Balance

Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:

  1. The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life. List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.
  2. Why does maintaining fluid balance in older people require a higher water intake than in a normal, healthy adult under age 40?
  3. Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?
  4. Saline solution is used to reverse hypotonic hydration. Are body cell membranes permeable to saline? Explain your response.
  5. Explain the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
  6. Explain how ADH compensates for blood that contains too many solutes.

Part 2

The Reproductive System

Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:

  1. How does mitosis differ from meiosis?
  2. The release of FSH and LH from gonadotropes in the adenohypophysis is separately controlled by the same hypothalamic releasing hormone, GnRH. How is it possible to organize their secretion during the menstrual cycle?
  3. Your male patient is having a vasectomy and is concerned about testosterone levels after the procedure. Explain what he should expect after his vasectomy.
  4. Describe the process of spermatogenesis.
  5. What hormones promote ovulation? Describe how the levels of these hormones change in the days prior to ovulation.
  6. A contraceptive pill “tricks the brain” into thinking you are pregnant. What does this mean?

Part 3

Development and Inheritance

Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:

  1. What activity during oocyte activation prevents penetration by additional sperm?
  2. Outline the events that take place between exposure of the oocyte to spermatozoa and formation of the first blastomere pair.
  3. List and briefly characterize the three trimesters of gestation.
  4. Describe the events of embryonic development from conception until the fetal stage, including development of the primary germ layers.
  5. List and describe the three stages of labor.