Epidemiology Reviews

Please read the attach manuscript called Prospective Associations of Diet Quality With Incident Frailty in Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Then answer the question about the article. Remember this is just a practice review but I suggest to complete as much to go over class next week.(20points)

 

1. What type of study design do the authors use?
2. retrospective cohort design

 

1. case-control study

 

1. clinical trial

 

1. prospective cohort design

 

2. The study design allows the investigators to draw a causal inference
3. True

 

1. False

 

3. The exposure was measured before frailty.
4. True

 

1. False

 

4. The follow-up period was long enough to observe an effect among the study population.
5. True

 

1. False
2. How long was the follow-up period?
3. 2 years

 

1. 3 years

 

1. 4 years

 

1. there was no follow-up time

 

6. How many people were included in the data analysis?
7. 3075

 

1. 285

 

1. 2154

 

1. 175

 

7. Which of the following was NOT a component of the frailty assessment?
8. hand grip strength

 

1. unintentional weight loss

 

1. reported falls

 

1. physical inactivity

 

8. Which of the following were used to define diet quality?
9. all answers are correct

 

1. energy intake

 

1. total protein intake

 

1. healthy eating index

 

9. Frail was define as yes to how many of the 5 components (weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, slowness and physical inactivity).
10. at least 1

 

1. any

 

1. 1-2

 

1. 3-5

 

10. Which of the following was considered a potential confounder?
11. all answers are correct

 

1. race

 

1. sex

 

1. age

 

11. Looking at Table 1, the proportion of pre-frail women at baseline is greater than robust (non-frail) women.
12. True

 

1. False

 

12. Looking at Table 1, for those participants that were pre-frail at baseline, the most prevalent component of frailty was which of the following?
13. weakness

 

1. exhaustion

 

1. slowness

 

1. physical inactivity

 

1. weight loss

 

13. Looking at Table 1, at baseline, a greater proportion of participants had a poor healthy eating index score.
14. True

 

1. False

 

14. Looking at table 2, which of the following category of Healthy Eating Index was used as the reference group in the analyses presented in table 2?
15. Poor

 

1. Good

 

1. None of the answers are correct

 

1. Medium

 

15. Looking at table 2, the magnitude of the effect of the risk for developing frailty over 4 years is which of the following given a poor Healthy Eating Index diet in the crude model?
16. 44

 

1. 001

 

2. 21

 

1. 00

 

16. Which of Hill’s criteria for causation is satisfied in the crude HEI model in table 2?
17. dose response

 

1. temporality

 

1. plausibility

 

1. specificity

 

17. Looking at Table 2, the crude model of 100 kcal/day or lower of energy intake supports the Heathy Eating Index findings?
18. True

 

1. False

 

18. Looking at Table 2, increasing grams per day of protein protects older adults from becoming frail based on the measures of effect in the crude model.
19. True

 

1. False

 

19. Looking at table 3 where only people that had not signs of frailty are analyzed. The crude measures of effect indicate that a healthy eating index score that is less than GOOD increases the risk of frailty.
20. True

 

1. False

 

20. Looking at table 3, the effect for a medium Healthy Eating Index score is attenuated in model 2.
21. True

 

1. False

 

21. Which category of the Healthy Eating Index score is statistically significant in model 2?
22. good

 

1. medium

 

1. none of the answers are correct

 

1. poor

 

22. What proportion of the original ABC study sample was included in this data analysis presented in this manuscript?
23. 90%

 

1. 70%

 

1. 100%

 

1. 80%

 

23. Which of the following exclusion criteria may NOT have introduced selection bias into this study?
24. drop out before study baseline exam

 

1. no or insufficient follow-up data on frailty

 

1. high energy intake

 

1. frail at baseline

 

24. Older adult in the study were asked to report dietary intake using a food frequency questionnaire. What type of systematic bias may have been introduced into the study with this method of dietary assessment?
25. random error

 

1. misclassification

 

1. confounding

 

1. selection bias

 

25. Confounding was addressed in this study using which of the following methods?
26. multivariate statistical modeling

 

1. randomization of the exposure

 

1. restricting

 

1. matching