History Notes-3PowerPoint 2-Modernity-New intellectual scientific revolutions end of 19th century early 20th centuryDarwin-Evolution of species through natural selection- certain ones to adapt-System was random-Unneeded code is actually needed-Darwin wrote-had animal fossils and skulls-Contradicted the Bible-Didn’t publish the book for a long time-conflicted but was sure with hisbeliefs-His views completely changed scienceDarwinism-1 species among others-same ecosystem-Positives- greater attention of needs to species and ecosystem-humans mustlearn to share this-Unintended negatives-certain races could consider themselves as superior 1step ahead of evolution-Don’t think you have to reject the Bible because of this doesn’t contribute toscience metaphorically-His studies all came from apesSigmund Freud-Later 19th-early 20th-New psychology-States that we’re still animals- instincts and subconscious desiresFriedrich Nietzsche-1844-1900-Animal with lots of problems-Bourgeois middle class-“Superman”-Rejects established troops of society-Opposing ideology and Christianity-Wants to be in control and wants to be a leaderMax Planck-1858-1947-Father of quantum mechanics and physics-Hard science-touch on physics-Showed energy radiates not only continuous waves but in spurts- “quanta”-Opens up questions about particles- What are they? How do they work?-Study of subatomic particles -After: subatomic particles-weird take nothing for granted do strange thingsEinstein-1879-1955-Theory of relativity-Mass=energy-Time and space co-exist that’s determined by mass-Gravity is a warping of space and time-Later proven by lots of scientists- Hubble-What you see is distorted by gravity-People cannot perceive some of this-Because of space and time- you could time travel confused people and toldthem about him-Theories- not enough technology to be provenRevolution of Art-Impressionists in France- should be spontaneous in daylight paint realpeople open air (Dickens Zola-writers that are like this)-Technique- capture light make detailCubists-Wanted dimensionConclusions-Traditional assumptions and current scientific knowledge about humanrationality human origins and the very fabric of nature were concernedworld a more uncertain world completely upturned PowerPoint 3-The Russian Revolution-CommunismTsarist Russia-Slavery of 1861-1914- enormous multiethnic empire rule in near absolutist fashion by TsarNicholas ll-Although near slavery was abolished-No politial party-Nobility- not a lot of power-Tsar has the money-Lands belonged to crown-Behind industrial-More blue-collared workers-1905 after defeated by Japan-first Asia/Europe-Created parliament-Duma-education/middle class could vote-By 1914 you couldn’t say there was democracyWorld War 1-Can’t provide supplies to troops-economy is so backwards-Wealth guide poor peasants-not going to sit well-Tsar Nicholas ll- couldn’t take it in his handsSpring 1917 Revolution-Under pressure-Reawaken on Saturday-Michael Nicholas’ brother argued to make it a democratic legal system-Kerensky- proclamation of a republican government led by this moderatesocialist Russia couldn’t get out of war with Germany hopefully I can go back-Opens door to Lenin-opposition- father of communismLenin-Government collapse-Germany sent him back from exile-Soviet-Promises- bread (wealth) land (peasants) peace (stop fighting mostimportant)- this made him very popular-Soviet- council of St. Petersburg-Goes and takes over Soviets-USSR- Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsSummer of 1917-Confusion in Russia-Variety of people who want power-Liberal wants to make reforms -Tsarist partisans would be military dictators-Groups of political groups and militias acted with Lenin- in charge in St.Petersburg-No one in control of all territory-Kerensky still needed the government in the summer of 1917-General Kornilov- bring back Tsar?- march with troops towards the capital-Kerensky- panicked and called Lenin back (blue-collared) from Finland tohelp him black a coup d’état by Kornilov-Kerensky was clearly weak while Lenin was strongKerensky-Lack of popular support-Inability to resolve any war issues-Lenin took advantage and mobilized St. Petersburg workers- OctoberNovember 1917 and took over government no fighting in fighting withKerensky-Kerensky was exiled-October-November 1917- bloodyLenin taking over Russia- he was realistic-Gained peasant support-promised peace and land-Negotiating peace with Germans for Brest-Litovsk Treaty- huge losses forRussia but Lenin must concentrate on consolidation of Communist power-Knew Russia didn’t have money-realisticTrotsky-Lenin put army together- used supplies and men from old Tsarist army-Leon Trotsky- defeating Communist Russia’s internal enemies-Tsarist army-red army-Peasant core- fight for their revolution-Understood what it took-Led by young skilled officers who could now rise quickly in ranks as allnoble officers were goneCommunist Victory-2-3 years to be achieved-pours over WW1-Red army was victorious-Demolished conservative and liberal forces as well as foreign troops sent totheir aid-After WW1- West couldn’t intervene decisivelyDomestic Policies-Main thing after everything-Very different from Marxist communism but it wasn’t industrially but stillheavily-Agrarian- which didn’t work- wasn’t even industrialized -Lenin gave land to peasants-To allow for capitalist phase-Small scale free enterprise allowed to foster industrial growth (NEP)new economic policy-Private peasants successful but near- free market industrializationwould be slow and uneven- not everyone supported itTrotsky v. Stalin-1924- Lenin dies of a stroke-Stalin- chief of Communist party-Trotsky and Stalin struggle for power (1924-28)-Stalin thought more power in Communist power- go against Trotskyknowing he didn’t really have anything-Stalin- continuation of NEP-Trotsky wanted permanent revolution- rapid industrialization andtransformation into socialist societyStalin Wins-1928-Didn’t win truly- he cheated made it appear as if Trotsky was a traitor of therevolution-Didn’t care about NEP-Trotsky- exile-1940- murdered Trotsky-After Trotsky is gone- Stalin supports rapid industrialization of SovietUnion-Stalin- 5 year plans to Soviet Union for industrialization (1920s-1930s)-Very high production target for all-Heavy industry-Totalitarianism- control whole economy-Energy- electrical light- homes farmers- electrical power plant-Military- stronger needs to be-Construction- build roads dams buildings factories hospitals schools-Gets in place by 1930-Needed money for this-Took away farmer’s land-Capital extracted from the proceeds of agriculture- basic sourceof wealth-Stalin- collectivization of all land-Peasants- expropriated and became wage earners farms andnewly industrial sectors-Peasants were mad- good farmers-Caused political travel Collectivization-Millions died-Another civil war-Sent to concentration camp if refuse-Direct violence and deportation-Widespread famines- caused by peasants burning fields and killing livestockin protest-Died of starvation or by communist partyPeasants had to start from scratch-Machinery and technology were imported also from USA-Even built walls-Production wages were high but met or surpassedStalin was successful in building industrialResults (1938)-90% farms collectivized-Economy transformed- industrialized system- rapid development –machinery planes tanks guns-Steel- Transportation- roads trains etc-Coalmines-Electrification-Water plants-Armaments1943- Russians out produced Germans1939- WWll USSR was a country capable of a mass production effort- preparedfor colossal war effortPowerPoint 4-West after WW1-Inflation in Germany-High unemployment-Depletion of savings-Peasant and workers uprisings Italy and Germany-Rise of Mussolini in Italy-Communist revolution in Germany- death of Communist leadersLuxembourg and Liebchnet at the hand of social Democraticgovernment- permanent spilt on the left-ViolenceFranco-German Confrontation-France took Ruhr valley of military but it’s Germany’s land -German workers went of strike-French soldiers aren’t skilled so they look like the bad guy- have poorGermany’s land-Eventually they have a plan- Dawes Plan from American bankers-USA Banks German can pay France and Britain (1925) France andBritain can pay back their debtLocarno Pact (1925)-Town in Switzerland-First time Germany elected-Germany didn’t choose anyone didn’t accept it at first-Britain France Germany Italy- have a plan to help one another-Kellogg (USA Senator) Briand (France) and Stresemann (Germany) allworked to abolish war between Germany and France-Between 1925 and 1929 because of new prosperity peace seemed possible1929-USA stock marker crashes-USA can’t give loans to Germany-German and Austrian banks collapsed-By 1930-31 most economies sucked which would aid to Hitler’s rise ofpowerPowerPoint 5-Fascism-Because Italy was forged- not a good democratic system-Triple Alliance- defensive alliance-Austria got blank check from Germany-Italy dropped out of alliance-Serbia needed money-Pacifist Socialist party kicked Benito Mussolini out because of his willingnessto get into WW1Mussolini (Italy)-Powerful speaker very good writer-Start new political movement-Appeal to those unhappy with war-Begins to attract people because he is a socialist-Middle class is scared of Communism and full displacedFascism-Difficult to define-Anti-liberal anti-parliamentarian anti-socialism- all old politics-Traditional- women’s roles- after WW1- big movement to vote -Fight and don’t pass anything (Parliamentarian)-Never do any good for the country (Parliamentarian)-Mussolini- targeted teens so he made groups of teen go militia-Mussolini- charismaticRoad to Power-Mussolini made squads- beat people up-Made pact with liberals- means that certain regions will be on his side-Got fascist elected1922- Very tense and confused-Strikes-Peasants took land-1921- Socialist and Communist spilt- Russian revolution-Popolari (Catholics) conquered many ex-liberal seatsKing Victor Emanuel lll feared:-Internal conflict-Communism-A pro-fascist cousinConsolidation of Fascist PowerThe Matteotti Crisis-Political parties talked to pressConsolidation of Power-Good economy helped him-Pact with Catholics- Lateran Pact- laws in law system-Marriages legal-Allowing priests to be judged in Church courts-Buys them into Fascism-Autarky-Corporatism- large corporations into the state with industrial production-Sports and military training for the youngAnti-Jew Laws 1938 by Hitler-Although laws were scarcely implemented by the regime Italians resorted towidespread disobedience including in the army-1943- Allies got southern Italy and worked their way up-Mussolini rescued by Germany and formed Puppet Regime in the north (1943-45)-Everyone hated Mussolini in ItalyConclusion -Modernized fears gave Mussolini a right to power-Mussolini has womens backs-Economy was badly mismanaged-Allowed outdated social norms for instance concerning women tosurvive for another 20 years (man can kill cheating wide but not viceversa)-Regime more traditional not modernized like he promised-Italy democratic- after WWll (1945 )PowerPoint 6-Nazism-Hitler-Before Hitler was poor grew up in (anti-Semitic) Vienna-Nazi- national socialist workers party-Organized Beer Hall Putsch- no one really supported it but it worked well forhim- trial showcase for Nazism-Mein Kampf- why Jews are bad-Book he wrote in jail (1 year)1925-1930- Nazis not very popular- good German economy-Depression hits- it’s his time-More clever- looks at Mussolini he courts conservative German politicianGeneral Von Hindenburg (gets him in personal Charisma)-Ideology- anti-liberal anti-socialist anti-parliamentarian against oldsystem liked traditionalism women should stay home and rapidnationalism- sought a lebensraum in East Europe anti-Semitism-Like Mussolini- Hitler used the violence of paramilitary militias (SA SS)Hitler’s Proposal-Hitler wanted to change borders-Different economic policy-Difference- Mussolini not successful Hitler’s economic policies weresuccessful-Hitler got lots of jobs where he delivered economically big time-Hitler made Autobahn-Reichstag’s fire- young communist kid to say they should be outlawed-Hitler ordered SS to murder leaders of SA to secure support of German army- Nightof Long Knives- June 1934 -Anti-Semitic laws1935-Rhineland- industrial part of Germany-Spanish Civil War- normal government (popular front) Conservative forcesdecided to not accept result of election so there was a civil war (underFranco’s rule)-Frances won-then a dictatorship. Franco- very conservativegeneral-Franco- perfect allie for Hitler-Luftwaffe- learned how to bomb civilians (air force) successful tests of theseand the new tanks-Picasso has a painting about thisSelf-Determination Principles-Self-determination- end of 1st WW with Wilson in USA-People have this right why be under someone else’s empire?-If they want to be a nation state they should be-Sudetenland (1938)- using self-determination Hitler annexed Austria andthis-Sudetenland- German speaking people- Hitler “if they think they’re German they should be part of Germany”-Hitler- Sudetenland should be part of Germany and if not they will start awar with Czechoslovakia- nasty war-British- on the verge of depression don’t want war try to persuade himabout Sudetenland- don’t change the borders (Chamberlain (Britain) andDaladier (France))- appeasementAppeasement in France-Tried to enforce Treaty of Versailles- failed-Britain and USA didn’t want Treaty of VersaillesAppeasement in Britain-Willing to rewrite the guilt clause-Convinced Germany that they can change the Treaty of Versailles-Ideology is stronger-Chamberlain- misread Hitler as MussoliniCzechoslovakian-Persuade France and Britain to go to war over Sudetenland in 1938-Germany cannot fire Sudetenland-France and Britain cannot go to war-Too bad for Czechoslovakian-Tell Hitler that he cannot do this again and cannot take any Polish land -Hitler- if he can take Sudetenland why can’t he take the Polish corridor-So Hitler thinks how France and Britain don’t want war he took over the restof Czechoslovakia with help from Hungary who also takes some land-By 1939- Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia-France and Britain- protest and can feel the war-August 1939- Hitler thinks he has a freehand in Europe and isn’t scared ofFrance-Needs to worry about the red army-Hitler and Stalin negotiated a Nazi- Soviet pact (secret)-Stalin doesn’t want war so he tried to work something out with France andBritain but they say no-The pact- avoid war with Nazi-Hitler- wants to take half of Poland-Stalin is getting a lot of territory-As soon as the pact is signed Hitler and Russia invaded Poland on both sides-Britain and France declare war against Nazi-GermanyPowerPoint 7-WWllThe Outbreak of War- 1939-1945-Blitzkrieg- Germany-Stalin takes advantage of Poland and goes to take over the Baltic StatesWWll-Hitler wanted to engage in war with the Soviet Union-Defeat of Poland war shifts West-France and Belgium fortified themselves-Maginot line- border of France (Belgium) and Germany-defensivefortification line-Launched attack May-June 1940 (they were a little late)-They went with tanks to the north and south of the Maginot Line- goforward and around and buckle (France Belgium and Germany) themup while going to Paris-British boats-picked up troops and brought them over the border-Summer of 1940- British looks bleak-Sad moment for western forces-Hitler gives up on Britain- they’re a pain but can’t really hurt him and theFrench are occupied so it’s time to focus on the Soviet Union-Hitler- 3 million men army and attacked June of 1941The Final Solution-Send them to Mad- send Jews there-Jewish have been immigrating out of Germany trying to save their own lives-They had the yellow stars-Stripped of citizenship- like an illegal immigrant-Concentration camps came after the ghettos -1st solution- brutal not practical- have men dig graces and have women havethem stand there and they shoot at them but you couldn’t kill a lot that way-Came up with idea to transport them to the concentration camps and gasthem and burn their bodies-Have some used for a little but then eliminate them-11 million people-Final solution developed during WWll-France is invaded June 1940 but no Western front until June 1944 (D Day)1941- Pearl Harbor-Japanese attack USA and bring us into war- Roosevelt decided that theEuropean war was the war to go with- now against 2 fronts-Fronts with North Africa and Italy- minor fronts-4 years- largest front- German/RussianWar between Germany and Russia-German soldiers in East-Germany had the largest army and weapons fighting Soviet in the East-In fact the Russians were the biggest contributors- they didn’t give up- theyfought back and won-Most important front of the war-20 million Russians killed by the Nazi’s-1944- Soviet fights back-Industrial- know how to make planes and weapons- Soviet comes backRussia and Germany- extremely brutal and fierce- Russians to bent on revenge they killed brutality at the end- German women were raped- as a policy- sickrevenge-20 million Russian livesStalin-Stalin throughout this wants to know why no one wants to help with thisfront- does FDR and Churchill- occupy some German resource but that’s notenough-They aren’t ready- they’ll only do it if they knew they’d be successful- didn’thave the resources-Doesn’t make sense to Stalin- the west has no interest in helping Russia-Stalin-communist- thinks USA doesn’t want Soviet Union- FDR Germans andcommunists kill themselves so the USA can take over Europe with little effortYalta Conference-Soviet Union had advantage for a little- they were pushing into Germanterritory-US position of witness cannot impose their own condition-League of Nations- US didn’t like it -United Nations- US created for world peace-Germany would have to pay reparations because they started WWll-Discuss Polish borders-War v. Japan- essential for Roosevelt that they declare war because they hadno atomic weapon- have to order invasion of Japan-US trying to persuade Soviets to declare war with Japan-Soviets can take their troops therePowerPoint 8-Cold WarCold War-Soviet v. Germany-Germany threatened-Hitler kills himself after seeing Mussolini being hung and hatedThe Division of Europe Into 2 Spheres-For the USSR’s national security crucial to control a country such as Poland-Rest of the East (especially Hungary and Czechoslovakia) were notnecessarily going to be ruled by communists-StalinYugoslavia- stayed neutralTruman Administration-Said that the Soviet Union were very aggressive over-read Stalin-thinking hewanted to take over all of EuropeUS- if you can fix economy thinks they need to send did to Europe- essential tomake West Europe solid and communist freeMarshall Plan- American foreign policy during Cold War- unite Europe throughintegregation get rid of communism rebuild Europe- does eliminatereparations fees have to have economy as big as the US-Allowed them to survive communist problems-Helped American producers-What didn’t happen: fully integrated European economy-Eliminated reparationsThe Schuman Plan-French and Germany- coal and steel-It’s a deal where France and Germany only have 2 resources and they setprice of coal and steel (mostly from Germany)-Germany had an advantage over France-Loss for Germany because they are giving away resources to France for thesame price- decided to allow France and other European countries for cheapin exchange for political recognition-Creates possibility of friendship for France and Germany Legacy-If they make an economic deal integrate Europe through business andeconomical dealsMilitary AlliancesWest forms NATOSettlement of the West and EastGorbachev-Cold War- not ended by American action
