Patterson et al. (2014) examined the relationship between habitual short sleep duration and increased risk of obesity. The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship of habitual sleep duration with objectively measured energy intake and physical activity during the daytime spent under free-living conditions. The University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Energetics Study of dietary assessment methods and biomarkers conducted a cross sectional study of dietary assessment with 223 healthy individuals in which 112 were African-American and 111 were non-Hispanic. The study was conducted over a three-year period and the participants were recruited through digital media and public postings. Potential participants were screen for various eligibility requirements such as age weight patterns and willingness to record diet and physical activity. Selected participants also had to be free of a long list of specific health conditions (e.g. diabetes hemophilia renal failure etc.). Participants could not have other conditions affecting fluid balance been treated with supplemental oxygen used antiretroviral anti-neoplastic antiulcer/ anti-reflux or central nervous system drugs or a history of any surgery. In order to provide incentive participants were compensated $150 at the end of each visit and $50 at the completion of the study. Participants had to visit the UCLA General Clinical Research center twice over a two week period. They provided the information related to about the mean number of hours spent for sleeping on a daily basis in the past year to assess sleep. Short sleep duration was identified as six hours per day.Energy intake was measured using a doubly labeled water to capture total energy expenditure. When weight is stable as was the case with the study participants total energy expenditure is approximately equal to energy intake making total energy expenditure an appropriate measure. Urine samples were taken from each participant periodically and stored in appropriate conditions for analysis that gave levels of CO2 production rates. Ultimately these rates were converted into a measure of energy expenditure. Later on each study participant’s basal metabolic rate was subtracted from the total energy expenditure measure in order to isolate physical activity energy expenditure. At the end of the study the sample size was reduced to 223 due to lack of completion and data problems. Among the final sample the mean age was 38. More than half of the sample was female and the sample was about evenly split between African-Americans and non-Hispanic whites. More than half of the participants had a college education. Approximately half of the sample were either overweight or obese. Using a chi-squared test in univariate analysis the authors of the study found that sleeping less than six hours was positively correlated with the probability of being African-American (P<0.05). The same characteristic was negatively correlated with education (P<0.05). Using ANOVA the authors also found that sleeping less than sex hours was positively correlated with age (P<0.05). Using logistic regression and a definition of overweight as BMI=25 it was found that all other factors being equal individuals sleeping eight hours were significantly less likely to be overweight (P<0.05). However this relationship was non-linear. Furthermore the authors found that sleeping more than six hours led to less energy intake. This relationship was also non-linear so the magnitude of the decrease in energy intake associated with an additional hour of sleep changed depending on the original level of sleep. At seven eight and nine hours of sleep respectively an additional hour decreases energy intake by 50 41 and 187 kilocalories (P=0.07). The same was true for physical energy expenditure. At seven eight and nine hours respectively and additional hour of sleep decreases physical energy expenditure by 36 46 and 114 kilocalories (P=0.05). In conclusion Patterson et al. found that habitual short sleep duration linked to a higher risk of overweight and obesity. In general short sleep was associated with a high physical energy expenditure and an even higher energy intake. The authors stated that reasons of short sleep could have been due to disorderssuch as insomnia sleep apnea and other sleep disorders. The authors recommended that changes in sleep patterns could be integrated into weight management efforts. They also recommended further studies to explore impact of sleep interventions on factors such as weight and physical activity and stressed the need for promoting healthy sleep patterns particularly among those with weight problems. Patterson E. R. Emond A. J. Natarajan L Wesseling-Perry K. Kolonel N. L Patricia Jardack P. Ancoli-Israel S. & Arab L. (2014). Short Sleep Duration Is Associated with Higher Energy Intake and Expenditure among African-American and Non-Hispanic White Adults. Journal of Nutrition 144(4) 461-466. CHECKLIST: Chapter 2 Today’s date: 11/6/14 YES Attachment and checklist are labeled correctly (i.e. in 100% agreement with course syllabus)? Place a check mark (below) next to each of the indicated sections for Chapter 2. If you are missing one or more of the indicated sections your Chapter 2 is incomplete. Your job is now to review the course handouts call me meet with me whatever works best for you so you understand what is needed to successfully complete the chapter. YES Introduction At least three (given titles by you) sections of literature review (i.e. not including Introduction and Conclusion) At least four reviews within each section Conclusion Placing a check in the spaces below means that you answer each question in the affirmative. Your Chapter 2 is truly complete only after each item (below) has the required check mark. YES Does Chapter 2 have a title? Does your Introduction include the names -- in EXACTLY the same words and EXACTLY the same order -- of all subsequent substantive sections in Chapter 2? YES Did you eliminate all substantive discussion from the Introduction? YES Have you eliminated all references to yourself (e.g. ‘the researcher ’ ‘I ’ etc.) in the text? YES Have you read reread and reread again to confirm your use of a consistent verb tense (as appropriate)? YES Are all bibliographic citations complete accurate and used appropriately in your text? YES Have you confirmed the accuracy of all references cited in the bibliography? YEs Are all citations consistent in style? YES Is each piece of literature used once and only once in Chapter 2? YES Does each review begin with a concise statement of purpose (not a laundry list of research questions/hypotheses)? YES Is each review as complete as possible? YES Where sources were incomplete (e.g. the author did NOT tell you the type of analysis p value etc.) do you so indicate in your text? YES Have you eliminated all hints of subjectivity from your text? Subjective prose includes language that is time dependent fully/only or otherwise opinion in nature. YES Have you eliminated all one-sentence paragraphs? YES Have you deleted all authors’ credentials from both text and bibliography? YES Have you deleted all titles of articles/books/etc. from the text? YES Have you reported the method of analysis once per paragraph (unless multiple methods used throughout the paragraph)? YES Have you limited inserting the citation to the beginning of the review? YES Do you restrict your use of the word “significant ” to only its statistical application? YES Do you present all p values only as parenthetical information (e.g. The difference was statistically significant [p<.05])? YES Do you present all numbers less than 10 (where appropriate) in prose form? YES Do you present all numbers >10 in number (#) form? YES Have you deleted all lists of any kind (e.g. variables questions posed statistical techniques etc.)? YES Have you confirmed that you present only those data that are interpretable in their own right? YES Have you confirmed that ‘data’ is used only in the plural form? YES Have you eliminated any sentence that includes parenthetical information as part of its text (e.g. Because [r= .81] the researchers argued that there was a strong …)? YES Have you deleted all mentions of whether a source was a book article etc.? For example there will NOT be such prose as: In his article Radius… YES Have you eliminated prose that introduces each presentation of findings (e.g. Using ANOVA the authors studied baseline comparisons of groups by gender activity level and body weight)? YES Did you confirm that your prose is consistent with HLTH615 (e.g. presenting interpretations of statistically significant findings; using vocabulary appropriate to reported findings; etc.)? YES Did you present methods of analysis only in conjunction with corresponding findings? YES Did you eliminate any prose that ‘introduces’ each review? YES Did you eliminate any prose that deals with details (e.g. computer system reliability etc.) that are not germane to your Seminar proposal? YES Did you eliminate all lists of study limitations/delimitations/assumptions? YES Did you eliminate any comparisons between sources (except in Conclusion to Chapter 2)? YES Did you confirm that your Chapter 2 is a source by source discussion – not a pooling of information a la the routine term paper? YES Did you eliminate all instances of formulaic/robotic prose? YES Is your use of direct quotations kept to an absolute minimum? That means you do NOT have back-to-back quotes; you do not begin or end each review with a quote; and you do not let the author do the writing for you. YES Does chapter respond appropriately to comments provided in prior drafts? YES Did you confine your Conclusion to only those sources reviewed in Chapter 2? YES Does your Conclusion make use of ALL sources or NO sources? There is no ‘in-between’ approach that will be acceptable. YES Is your paper double spaced with extra spaces only between sections? YES Is prose proofread? YES Has spell-check been run? YES Is sentence structure grammar organization etc. at level consistent with Master’s level writing? YES Have you confirmed that anything that might be construed as plagiarism is removed from the text? If I find that you extracted text directly from the original source without giving proper credit to the author you risk immediate ejection from and receipt of an automatic ‘F’ for this class. Plagiarism in any amount in any form and in any paper (including pre-class and class drafts) can result in an automatic F.
