Urgent!!! help ASAP!I have a final paper due today. since I am an international student I really need help editing my paper and add some analysis for the studies that I have already rephrased( I put a quotation mark on each one of them and number them with the same number in the citation if you need to see more about them). all it needs is just final touches. the prompt and the essay are attached together.Best The prompt:Write a 2000word essay that discusses the current stateoftheart in an area of EECS that youare interested. The essay should discuss not only currently available technology but also possible new developmentsand designs that will be coming in the next decade. The sources for your paper are limited to the main articles (notcolumns) in the following publications that have appeared since Jan. 2009:Electronic Circuit DesignStarting with the discovering of the magnetic induction by Michael Faraday at the late 18th century. Then the scientist James Clarck at the mid of the 19th century discovered that magnetism electricity and light. Then theinvention of the FM radio and the heterodyne and regenerative receivers by Edwin Armstrong. All these discoveriesstarted the revolutionary time at the beginning of the 20th when the transistor the first integrated circuit andhandheld calculator were unvented (Prof. Payam Heydari). That means the circuits are made nowadays are a resultof three centuries of hard work and series of discoveries and inventions. The difference between what we have todayand the first circuit that was made is far different due to the development of not only the circuits designing butother areas such as the discovery of the Nano technology which abled us to make remarkably little perfect circuitsthat would be impossible without the Nano technology. Until the 60’s the circuits were primarily built out ofdiscrete components such as resistors capacitors and transistor. At that period of time the cost of the system usingdiscrete components were extremely expensive. Most of the major inventions in technology that we cannot livewithout nowadays are a result of the development of the electronic circuits design. Such as wireless technology mobile telephony audio simplifier radio transmitter and receiver transistor and semiconductor devices integratedcircuits and the smart and portable devices. There are three categories the electronic circuit which are either adigital circuit an analog circuit or a combination of both. I am going to discuss the current state of each kind ofthem.First let’s explain more about electronic circuits which is made out of electron components which usuallyare diodes inductors capacitors and transistors. All these things are attached together traces and wires that transportelectronic signals. These components can make different multiple functionalities. Which can give some calculationsand release data between one another using the current flow between these components. In the past circuits werealways connecting the components by separate pieces of wire while today usually these wires are replaced by a newtechnique which is printing a complete circuit by materials that transport electricity. Nowadays if people want to testa new design they use stripboards perfboards and breadboards because these boards let them make changesrapidly during the progress of making new circuits or developing old ones.The first kind of circuits is the digital circuits. The signal in the digital circuits take values of the numbers one andtwo. These values indicate the data that being administered. Number 1 represents the positive value of the voltagewhile the 0 represent the value that is close 0 voltage. This type of circuits can create logic using all the possibleorders of the binary numbers order that is being processed. The digital circuits that have more than one state alsocan allocate memory in addition to the logic there are two types of memory storage ways: they are the DRAM thedynamic random access memory and the SRAM the static random access memory which are tremendously usefulfor circuits. The design procedure of the digital differ essentially from the design of the other type due to the usageof the binary signal. According to Prof. Heydari. The first digital circuit was built during the 1980. The informationperiod is a result of the digital widespread that came after the widespread of the digital circuits.1“The design of Multiple Valued Logic (MVL) binary circuits is done by growing the representation areafrom the two level (N=2) transferring algebra to N > 2 levels. Worldwide groups of MVL CMOS gates enable theintegration and application of any MVL binary circuit. The downside of its methodology is the absence of availableintegrated circuits that implement the standard customary of MVL gates. The paper interact with: 1) the design anduse of a general customary of IC entries CMOS 0.35 µm technology that transmit outstretched AND operators:eAND1 eAND2 eAND3 Successor (SUC) and Maximum (MAX) operators to make combination of anyMVL binary circuits; and 2) the combination of an MVL multiplexer and handle memory circuits centered on theIC MVL gates to clarify the application of the anticipated IC MVL gates for quaternary MVL.Implemented circuits show proper functionality of the applied gates and achievability of the MVL combinatorial andmemory circuit design. The anticipated gates let designing MVL binary circuit taking benefit of the informationcoming from the digital circuits. By using a method built on the Boolean algebra binary circuits creators haveassistance to reduce the design learn curve.” 2“This shortterm suggests a binary circuit design applying a session of nonstop piecewiseaffine (PWA)tasks. The work rests on a preceding design understanding PWA works with unchanging determination. Throughusing PWA plotting that can be applied over a small number of easy useful blocks it is promising to spread thegenerator abilities of the construction to PWA occupations with nonuniform resolution. Due to defining the plottingand the resultant practical blocks the planned design is applied in an areaprogrammable gate selection.”The second type of circuits is the analog circuits where the signals differ nonstop to respond to the data beinggenerated. The analog circuits are made from two primary constructing things: parallel and series circuits.The same signal goes in a series of mechanisms in the series circuit. All the materials attached together withthe same voltage and it divides to between the materials depending on their resistance in the parallel circuit.The main components of the analog circuits are generally the same is in the digital circuits such astransistors resistors inductors and capacitors. It was discovered recently that memristors can be added to thecomponents. Analog circuits are usually shown in graphic diagrams. Where the components are shown assymbols and the wires shown as lines.3“Propose that in programmable analog circuits can use memristors in. The plan contains a circuit project that havelow currents then goes to memristors while they work as analog circuit elements and high current for programmingthe memristor’s conditions. The memristors’ condition does not substantially change when the analog systemoperates. As an example of the method building some programmable analog circuits representing memristorbasedprogram design of threshold gain and frequency. The operation of memristor is done a developed memristoremulator.”The last type of circuits is the combination of the previous two previous types which people call either “theMixedsignal circuits” or “the hybrid circuits” because they are made of components of both digital and analogcircuits. For instance they contain timers phaselocked loops comparators digital to analog converters and analogto digital converters. This type of circuit is mostly communication devices and current radio. In these devices’circuits the analog circuit inside is to amplify the signals then the signals go to the frequencyconvert signals whichwill able these signals to transfer to be digital values and the signals continue to be digital for these devices tofunction.4“In this study the main tools in making circuits are a stable state simulation and sound analysis. The algorithmsnow obtainable in frequently used simulators are essentially restricted to the investigation of analog circuits that aredesigned by the Lipchitz nonstop functions. This is a solid limitation where the existing uses are frequently styledby hybrid models; these models are only piecewise continuous and Lipchitz condition is not satisfied in thebreakpoints. In this study the scientists suggest a way in order to deal with this restriction by displayinghow circuits are showing cutoffs should be designed as hybrid systems. Which will lead to the extension of themethods of the sound analysis and the steady state in order to find the discontinuity places which cannot bedetermined before the circuit examination all of this is automated without the need of interaction due to the lastmethod.”In conclusion digital circuit an analog circuit and mixed signal circuits are the tree types of electronic circuits.Each type of these is supremely influential works better in different functionalities. The development of each type ofthese is continuing and now more than any time before. Here at in the labs the University of California Irvine theprocess and the goal is what attracted mm to specialize in electronic circuit design. Prof. Heydari said “in NanoscaleCommunication Integrated Circuits Labs; what are we up to in NCIC Labs? We aspire to make a difference and topush the cutting edge. We explore new and out of the box ideas. We bring forth the ideas in the public domain. Weimplement these ideas in silicon. We fabricate these silicon integrated chips. We measure the fabricated siliconchips.” When Prof. Heydari said this quote. I instantly knew that this is where I should specialize and focus on forthe rest of my life. Before Prof. Heydari’s presentation I was lost and questioning myself all the time why did I pickelectrical engineering in particular. Nevertheless after listening to his lecture I was certainly evident that this is the path I should maintain because of most of the technologies that we have are built from electronic circuits. My goal isto contribute in the development of our generation otherwise there is no point of my life if I will not be able to do so.Citation1- Romero M.E.; Mazina Martins E.; Ribeiro dos Santos R.; Gonzalez M.E.D. “Universal Set ofCMOS Gates for the Synthesis of Multiple Valued Logic Digital Circuits ” Circuits and Systems I:Regular Papers IEEE Transactions on vol.61 no.3 pp.736 749 March 2014doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2013.2284187keywords: {CMOS logic circuits;digital circuits;flipflops;logic design;logic gates;multivaluedlogic circuits;CMOS gates;CMOS technology;IC gates;MVL digital circuit;MVLmultiplexer;binary circuits;boolean algebra;combinatorial circuit design;latch memorycircuits;memory circuit design;multiple valued logic digital circuits;size 0.35 mum;two levelswitching algebra;universal sets;Algebra;CMOS integrated circuits;Digital circuits;Latches;Logicgates;Multiplexing;Algebra;digital integrated circuits;multivalued logic} URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6632956&isnumber=67466872- Poggi T.; Comaschi F.; Storace M. “Digital Circuit Realization of Piecewise-AffineFunctions With Nonuniform Resolution: Theory and FPGA Implementation ” Circuits andSystems II: Express Briefs IEEE Transactions on vol.57 no.2 pp.131 135 Feb. 2010doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2010.2040316keywords: {affine transforms;digital circuits;field programmable gate arrays;piecewiselinear techniques;FPGA implementation;PWA mapping;continuous piecewise affinefunctions;digital circuit realization;field programmable gate array;functionalblocks;nonuniform resolution;Digital architectures;nonlinear circuits;nonuniformresolution;piecewise-affine (PWA) functions} URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5411722&isnumber=54203003- Pershin Y.V.; Di Ventra M. “Practical Approach to Programmable Analog Circuits WithMemristors ” Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers IEEE Transactions on vol.57 no.8 pp.1857 1864 Aug. 2010doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2009.2038539keywords: {analogue circuits;memristors;programmable circuits;circuitdesign;memristors;programmable analog circuits;Analog circuits;analogmemories;memory;resistance} URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5405039&isnumber=55455114- Bizzarri F.; Brambilla A.; Gajani G.S. “Steady State Computation and Noise Analysis ofAnalog Mixed Signal Circuits “Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers IEEE Transactions on vol.59 no.3 pp.541 554 March 2012doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2011.2167273keywords: {hybrid integrated circuits;integrated circuit modelling;integrated circuit noise;mixedanaloguedigital integrated circuits;Lipschitz continuous functions;analog mixed signalcircuits;discontinuity points;hybrid systems;noise analysis;piece wise continuous;steady statecomputation;steady state simulation;Jacobian matrices;Manifolds;Mathematicalmodel;Noise;Sensitivity;Steadystate;Switches;Circuit simulation;hybrid systems;noiseanalysis;shooting method;steady state methods} URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6092511&isnumber=61556775- Charles Alexander and Matthew Sadiku (2004). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits.McGraw-Hill.6- Richard Jaeger (1997). Microelectronic Circuit Design. McGraw-Hill.7- John Hayes (1993). Introduction to Digital Logic Design. Addison Wesley.
