BIO 210 Test 1 Study Guide (Chapters 1, 5, and 6)
Chapter 1
What is anatomy?
What is physiology?
What is the concept of complementarity? Give some examples.
What are the 6 characteristics of living things?
Describe the hierarchical structural organization of living things from smallest to largest.
Describe the basic functions of the following systems: Integument, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive (male and female).
Explain how organ systems interrelate to allow specialization of functions.
What is homeostasis?
Describe the parts of a control mechanism. Give the biological components of a control mechanism.
What is negative feedback? Describe the following examples: blood sugar, body temperature, blood volume.
What is positive feedback? Describe the following examples: labor contractions, blood clotting.
Be able to use the following directional terms to describe body position: Superior, inferior, ventral (anterior), dorsal (posterior), medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep.
Distinguish between the axial and appendicular divisions.
Describe the 4 body planes: frontal (coronal), sagittal (median) – include midsagittal and parasagittal, transverse, and oblique
Know the organs of each body cavity and which serous membranes cover each.
Explain the difference between visceral and parietal membranes. Which lines the organ surface?
Which lines the body cavity around the organ?
Describe the 4 quadrants of the abdomen.
Describe the 9 regions of the abdomen.
Chapter 5
What is a tissue?
What are the 4 tissue types?
Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of each tissue type.
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissues?
What structures of epithelial tissues are unique because of its polarity?
Describe simple squamous epithelial tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe simple cuboidal epithelial tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe simple columnar epithelial tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
What are the differences in functions between cilia and microvilli? What cells would have each?
Describe stratified squamous epithelial tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
What is keratin? What does it mean to be keratinized? Which tissues are keratinized?
Describe transitional epithelial tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Compare endocrine and exocrine glands. What products are made by each. Where are their products going? How do they get there?
Compare merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretion.
What are the characteristics of connective tissues?
What is the embryonic tissue that gives rise to all connective tissues? What germ layer of the embryo does this come from?
What are the 3 main fibers found in connective tissues?
What is a mast cell? What substances do they release? Why is this important?
Describe areolar connective tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells are found in this tissue? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe adipose connective tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells are found in this tissue? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe reticular connective tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells are found in this tissue? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe dense regular connective tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells are found in this tissue? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe dense irregular connective tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells are found in this tissue? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe hyaline cartilage connective tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells are found in this tissue? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe elastic cartilage connective tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells are found in this tissue? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe fibrocartilage connective tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells are found in this tissue? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe bone connective tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells are found in this tissue? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe blood connective tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells are found in this tissue? Where is blood produced? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
What is unique about the blood extracellular matrix compared to other connective tissues?
What are the 5 types of leukocytes (WBCs)? What is the general function of each?
Describe nervous tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells (and modifications) are found in this tissue?
Describe skeletal muscle tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells are found in this tissue? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe cardiac muscle tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions (what unique structure is in this tissue)? What cells are found in this tissue? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
Describe smooth muscle tissue. What are the major functions? Where is it typically found? How is it adapted for these functions? What cells are found in this tissue? Be able to recognize generalized cartoon drawing of this tissue type.
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?
Compare cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes. Where is each found?
Describe the process of tissue repair.
What are the 3 embryonic germ layers? What tissues types arise from each?
Chapter 6
What are the 3 layers of the skin (really 2 layers and fat underneath the skin)?
What tissue composed the epidermis? Why is skin keratinized?
What cells in the skin are primarily responsible for pigmenting the skin? What pigment do they make?
What are the 5 cell layers of the epidermis?
What is the most superficial living cell layer in the epidermis?
What layer is found only in thick skin? Where is thick skin found?
What are the 2 layers of the dermis? What is the principle tissue type in each layer?
What are dermal papilla? What structures are found in the dermal papilla?
What are the 3 pigments that combine to determine the skin’s color? What is the origin of each pigment?
What are the 4 sweat glands (or modified sweat gland)? Describe the product of each gland.
What are sebaceous glands? What do they make?
What is hair? What protein is the major constituent of hair? What determines the natural hair color?
What are the major functions of hair on the body?
Where do we NOT find hair on the body?
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
Describe terminal and vellus hair. Where are each found?
What is alopecia areata? How is this different from male pattern baldness? Who can get it?
What is hirsutism? What about hypertrichosis?
What are the major functions of the integument?
What are the 3 most common forms of skin cancer? What tissues are responsible for each?
What is the ABCDE rule for melanoma? Be able to identify examples of moles from a description that would be concerning.
Describe the 3 degrees of burn severity. What are the symptoms of each?
What is the Rule of 9s? Be able to use the Rule of 9s to determine the coverage of burns in a patient.
Be able to determine of a burn qualifies as a severe burn.
What is the lanugo? What is its function?
What is vernix caseosa? What is its function?
